Following its success in trials, the Colt pistol was formally adopted by the Army on March 29, 1911, when it was designated Model of 1911, later changed to Model 1911.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] Early history and adaptations [ ] The M1911 pistol originated in the late 1890s as the result of a search for a suitable self-loading (or semi-automatic) pistol to replace the variety of revolvers then in service. The United States was adopting new firearms at a phenomenal rate; several new pistols and two all-new service rifles (the and ), as well as a series of revolvers by and for the Army and Navy, were adopted just in that decade. The next decade would see a similar pace, including the adoption of several more revolvers and an intensive search for a self-loading pistol that would culminate in official adoption of the M1911 after the turn of the decade. Had designed a self-loading in the 1880s, but was preoccupied with.

Nevertheless, the application of his principle of using cartridge energy to reload led to several self-loading pistols in 1896. The designs caught the attention of various militaries, each of which began programs to find a suitable one for their forces. In the U.S., such a program would lead to a formal test at the turn of the 20th century. M1911 designer, During the end of 1899 and start of 1900, a test of self-loading pistols was conducted, which included entries from (the ), Mannlicher (the ), and Colt (the ). This led to a purchase of 1,000, chambered in, a. During field trials these ran into some problems, especially with. Other governments had made similar complaints.

Consequently, DWM produced an enlarged version of the round, the (known in current military parlance as the 9×19mm NATO), a necked-up version of the 7.65 mm round. Fifty of these were tested as well by the in 1903. American units fighting guerrillas during the using the then-standard revolver,, found it to be unsuitable for the rigors of, particularly in terms of, as the Moros had high battle morale and often used drugs to inhibit the sensation of pain. Army briefly reverted to using the in.45 Colt caliber, which had been standard during the late 19th century; the heavier bullet was found to be more effective against charging tribesmen.

The problems prompted the then–, General, to authorize further testing for a new service pistol. Following the 1904 pistol round effectiveness tests, Colonel stated that the new pistol 'should not be of less than.45 caliber' and would preferably be semi-automatic in operation. This led to the 1906 trials of pistols from six firearms manufacturing companies (namely,,, (DWM),, Knoble,, and White-Merrill). Of the six designs submitted, three were eliminated early on, leaving only the, Colt, and designs chambered in the new (Automatic Colt Pistol) cartridge.

These three still had issues that needed correction, but only Colt and Savage resubmitted their designs. There is some debate over the reasons for DWM's withdrawal—some say they felt there was bias and that the DWM design was being used primarily as a 'whipping boy' for the Savage and Colt pistols, though this does not fit well with the earlier 1900 purchase of the DWM design over the Colt and Steyr entries.

In any case, a series of field tests from 1907 to 1911 were held to decide between the Savage and Colt designs. Both designs were improved between each testing over their initial entries, leading up to the final test before adoption. Among the areas of success for the Colt was a test at the end of 1910 attended by its designer, John Browning. Six thousand rounds were fired from a single pistol over the course of two days. When the gun began to grow hot, it was simply immersed in water to cool it. The Colt gun passed with no reported malfunctions, while the Savage designs had 37. Service history [ ].

Adopted by the U.S. Army in the 1970s for issue to Generals.

Following its success in trials, the Colt pistol was formally adopted by the Army on March 29, 1911, when it was designated Model of 1911, later changed to Model 1911, in 1917, and then M1911, in the mid-1920s. The began manufacture of M1911 pistols for members of the in August 1912.

Approximately 100 pistols stamped 'N.R.A.' Below the serial number were manufactured at Springfield Armory and by Colt. The M1911 was formally adopted by the and in 1913. World War I [ ] By the beginning of 1917, a total of 68,533 M1911 pistols had been delivered to U.S. Armed forces by Colt Firearms Company and the U.S. However, the need to greatly expand U.S.

Military forces and the resultant surge in demand for the firearm in saw the expansion of manufacture to other contractors besides Colt and Springfield Armory, including Remington-UMC, North American Arms Co. Several other manufacturers were awarded contracts to produce the M1911, including the National Cash Register Company, the Savage Arms Company, the Caron Bros. Of Montreal, the Burroughs Adding Machine Co., Winchester Repeating Arms Company, and the Lanston Monotype Company, but the signing of the Armistice resulted in the cancellation of the contracts before any pistols had been produced. Interwar changes [ ] Battlefield experience in World War I led to some more small external changes, completed in 1924. The new version received a modified type classification, M1911A1, in 1926 with a stipulation that M1911A1s should have serial numbers higher than 700,000 with lower serial numbers designated M1911. The M1911A1 changes to the original design consisted of a shorter trigger, cutouts in the frame behind the trigger, an arched mainspring housing, a longer grip safety spur (to prevent ), a wider front sight, a shortened hammer spur, and simplified grip checkering (eliminating the 'Double Diamond' reliefs). These changes were subtle and largely intended to make the pistol easier to shoot for those with smaller hands.

Many persons unfamiliar with the design are often unable to tell the difference between the two versions at a glance. No significant internal changes were made, and parts remained interchangeable between the M1911 and the M1911A1. Working for the U.S. Ordnance Office, developed a.22 training version of the M1911 using a floating chamber to give the.22 long rifle rimfire recoil similar to the.45 version. As the, this was available both as a pistol and as a conversion kit for.45 M1911 pistols. Colt 1911 01 Before World War II, a small number of modified M1911-pattern pistols in.45 caliber were produced under license by the Norwegian arms factory, designated 'Pistol M/1914' and unofficially known as '.

Production continued after the German occupation of Norway in 1940. The Pistol M/1914 is noted for its unusual extended slide stop which was specified by Norwegian ordnance authorities. Throughout the M/1914's use in Norwegian military service, Norway continued to build the M/1914 pistol as originally specified.

These pistols are highly regarded by modern collectors, with the 920 examples stamped with and the unknown number of unmarked examples assembled by the (the 'Matpakke-Colt' or 'Lunch Box Colt') being the most sought after. German forces also used captured M1911A1 pistols, using the designation 'Pistole 660(a)'. The M1911 and M1911A1 pistols were also ordered from Colt or produced domestically in modified form by several other nations, including Argentina (Modello 1916 and Modello 1927 contract pistols), and the ), Brazil (M1937 contract pistol), Mexico (M1911 Mexican contract pistol and the ), and Spain (private manufacturers and ). World War II [ ]. Diagram from the Soldier's Handbook (1940–41), showing the various components of the pistol. And the years leading up to it created a great demand. During the war, about 1.9 million units were procured by the U.S.

Government for all forces, production being undertaken by several manufacturers, including (900,000 produced), Colt (400,000), (400,000), (50,000), and (500). New M1911A1 pistols were given a parkerized metal finish instead of blueing, and the wood grip panels were replaced with panels made of brown plastic. The M1911A1 was a favored small arm of both US and allied military personnel during the war, in particular, the pistol was prized by some British commando units and Britain's highly covert, as well as South African Commonwealth forces. So many 1911A1 pistols were produced during the war that the government cancelled all postwar contracts for new production, instead choosing to rebuild existing pistols with new parts, which were then refinished and tested for functioning. From the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s thousands of 1911s and 1911A1s were refurbished at U.S. Arsenals and Service depots.

These arsenal rebuilds consisted of anything from minor inspections to major overhauls of pistols returned from service use. Pistols that were refurbished at Government arsenals will usually be marked on the frame/receiver with the arsenal's initials, such as RIA (Rock Island Armory) or SA (Springfield Armory). Among collectors today, the Singer-produced pistols in particular are highly prized, commanding high prices even in poor condition. General Officer's Model [ ] From 1943 to 1945 a fine-grade russet-leather M1916 pistol belt set was issued to some generals in the US Army. It was composed of a leather belt, leather enclosed flap-holster with braided leather tie-down leg strap, leather two-pocket magazine pouch, and a rope neck lanyard. The metal buckle and fittings were in gilded brass.

The buckle had the seal of the U.S. On the center (or 'male') piece and a laurel wreath on the circular (or 'female') piece. The pistol was a standard-issue M1911A1 that came with a cleaning kit and three magazines.

From 1972 to 1981 a modified M1911A1 called the was issued to General Officers in the US Army and US Air Force. From 1982 to 1986 the regular M1911A1 was issued. Both came with a black leather belt, open holster with retaining strap, and a two-pocket magazine pouch. The metal buckle and fittings were similar to the M1916 General Officer's Model except it came in gold metal for the Army and in silver metal for the Air Force. The M15 and M1911A1 were replaced with the M9 pistol in 1986. Replacement for most uses [ ] After World War II, the M1911 continued to be a mainstay of the U.S. Armed Forces in the and the.

It was used during in specialized U.S. Army units and, and has seen service in both and, with U.S. Army Special Forces Groups and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance Companies. However, by the late 1970s, the M1911A1 was acknowledged to be showing its age.

Under political pressure from Congress to standardize on a single modern pistol design, the ran a to select a new semi-automatic pistol using the -standard 9 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. After trials, the was chosen. The Army contested this result and subsequently ran its own competition in 1981, the trials, eventually leading to the official adoption of the Beretta 92F on January 14, 1985. By the late 1980s production was ramping up despite a controversial XM9 retrial and a separate XM10 reconfirmation that was boycotted by some entrants of the original trials, cracks in the frames of some pre-M9 Beretta-produced pistols, and despite a problem with slide separation using higher-than-specified-pressure rounds that resulted in injuries to some U.S. Navy special operations operatives. This last issue resulted in an updated model that includes additional protection for the user, the 92FS, and updates to the ammunition used.

By the early 1990s, most M1911A1s had been replaced by the, though a limited number remain in use by special units. The (USMC) in particular were noted for continuing the use of M1911 pistols for selected personnel in MEU(SOC) and reconnaissance units (though the USMC also purchased over 50,000 M9 pistols.

[ ]) For its part, the (USSOCOM) issued a requirement for a pistol in the Offensive Handgun Weapon System (OHWS) trials. This resulted in the Heckler & Koch OHWS becoming the Offensive Handgun Weapon System (itself being heavily based on the 1911's basic field strip), beating the, a much modified M1911. Dissatisfaction with the stopping power of the 9 mm Parabellum cartridge used in the Beretta M9 has actually promoted re-adoption of pistols based on the.45 ACP cartridge such as the M1911 design, along with other pistols, among USSOCOM units in recent years, though the M9 remains predominant both within SOCOM and in the U.S. Military in general. Current users in the U.S. [ ] Many military and law enforcement organizations in the U.S.

And other countries continue to use (often modified) M1911A1 pistols including, and S.I.S., the, FBI regional SWAT teams, and 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment—Delta (). M1911 by (contemporary remake of the World War II G.I. The M1911A1 is popular among the general public in the U.S.

For practical and recreational purposes. The pistol is commonly used for thanks in part to a single-stack magazine (which makes for a thinner pistol that is, therefore, easier to conceal), personal defense, target shooting, and competition. Numerous aftermarket accessories allow users to customize the pistol to their liking.

There are a growing number of manufacturers of M1911-type pistols and the model continues to be quite popular for its reliability, simplicity, and patriotic appeal. Various tactical, target and compact models are available. Price ranges from a low end of around $400 for basic pistols imported from the Philippines or Turkey (,,,,, ) to more than $4,000 for the best competition or tactical versions (, Ed Brown,,, and ). Due to an increased demand for M1911 pistols among Army Special Operations units, who are known to field a variety of M1911 pistols, the began looking to develop a new generation of M1911s and launched the M1911-A2 project in late 2004. The goal was to produce a minimum of seven variants with various sights, internal and external extractors, flat and arched mainspring housings, integral and add-on magazine wells, a variety of finishes and other options, with the idea of providing the end-user a selection from which to select the features that best fit their missions. The AMU performed a well-received demonstration of the first group of pistols to the Marine Corps at Quantico and various Special Operations units at Ft.

Bragg and other locations. The project provided a feasibility study with insight into future projects. Models were loaned to various Special Operations units, the results of which are classified. An RFP was issued for a Joint Combat Pistol but it was ultimately canceled. Currently units are experimenting with an M1911 pistol in.40 which will incorporate lessons learned from the A2 project. Ultimately, the M1911A2 project provided a test bed for improving existing M1911s.

An improved M1911 variant becoming available in the future is a possibility. The Springfield Custom Professional Model 1911A1 pistol is produced under contract by Springfield Armory for the FBI regional SWAT teams and the Hostage Rescue Team. This pistol is made in batches on a regular basis by the Springfield Custom Shop, and a few examples from most runs are made available for sale to the general public at a selling price of approximately US$2,700 each.

MEU(SOC) pistol [ ]. Main article: formerly issued M1911s to units. Hand-selected Colt M1911A1 frames were gutted, deburred, and prepared for additional use by the USMC Precision Weapon Section (PWS). They were then assembled with after-market grip safeties, ambidextrous thumb safeties, triggers, improved high-visibility sights, accurized barrels, grips, and improved Wilson magazines. These hand-made pistols were tuned to specifications and preferences of end users.

In the late 1980s, the Marines laid out a series of specifications and improvements to make Browning's design ready for 21st century combat, many of which have been included in MEU (SOC) pistol designs, but design and supply time was limited. Discovering that the Los Angeles Police Department was pleased with their special Kimber M1911 pistols, a single source request was issued to Kimber for just such a pistol despite the imminent release of their TLE/RLII models. Kimber shortly began producing a limited number of what would be later termed the Interim Close Quarters Battle pistol (ICQB). Maintaining the simple recoil assembly, 5-inch barrel (though using a stainless steel match grade barrel), and internal extractor, the ICQB is not much different from Browning's original design. In late July 2012, the U.S.

Marines placed a $22.5 million order for 12,000 M1911 pistols for forces. The new 1911 was designated M45A1 or 'Close Quarters Battle Pistol' CQBP. The M45A1 features a dual recoil spring assembly, Picatinny rails and is cerakoted tan in color.

International users [ ]. A Colt M1991A1 Compact ORM pistol with slide locked back to expose bull barrel. • Colt Government Mk.

IV Series 70 (1970–1983): Introduced the accurized Split Barrel Bushing (collet bushing). Csicol V8 4 Crackled. The first 1000 prototypes in the serial number range 35800NM – 37025NM were marked BB on the barrel and the slide. Commander sized pistols retained the solid bushing. • Colt Government Mk.

IV Series 80 (1983–present): Introduced an internal firing pin safety and a new half-cock notch on the sear; pulling the trigger on these models while at half-cock will cause the hammer to drop. Models after 1988 returned to the solid barrel bushing due to concerns about breakages of collet bushings. • Colt 1991 Series (1991–2001 ORM; 2001–present NRM): A hybrid of the M1911A1 military model redesigned to use the slide of the Mk.

IV Model 80; these models aimed at providing a more 'mil-spec' pistol to be sold at a lower price point than Colt's other 1911 models in order to compete with imported pistols from manufacturers such as Springfield Armory and Norinco. The 1991–2001 model used a large 'M1991A1' rollmark engraved on the slide. The 2001 model introduced a new 'Colt's Government Model' rollmark engraving. The 1991 series incorporates full-sized blued and stainless models in either.45 ACP or.38 Super, as well as blued and stainless Commander models in.45 ACP. Custom models [ ]. Tenring Custom Colt Since its inception, the M1911 has lent itself to easy customization. Replacement sights, grips, and other aftermarket accessories are the most commonly offered parts.

Since the 1950s and the rise of competitive pistol shooting, many companies have been offering the M1911 as a base model for major customization. These modifications can range from changing the external finish, checkering the frame, and hand fitting custom hammers, triggers, and sears.

Some modifications include installing compensators and the addition of accessories such as and even scopes. A common modification of John Browning's design is to use a full-length guide rod that runs the full length of the recoil spring. This adds weight to the front of the pistol, but does not increase accuracy, and does make the pistol slightly more difficult to disassemble. Custom guns can cost over $5000 and are built from the ground up or on existing base models. The main companies offering custom M1911s are:, Ed Brown,,,, and.

[ ] IPSC models are offered by both () and STI International. Springfield Mil Spec field stripped Browning's basic M1911 design has seen very little change throughout its production life. The basic principle of the pistol is recoil operation. As the expanding combustion gases force the bullet down the barrel, they give reverse momentum to the slide and barrel which are locked together during this portion of the firing cycle. After the bullet has left the barrel, the slide and barrel continue rearward a short distance. At this point, a link pivots the rear of the barrel down, out of locking recesses in the slide, and the barrel is stopped by making contact with the lower barrel lugs against the frame's vertical impact surface.

As the slide continues rearward, a claw extractor pulls the spent casing from the firing chamber and an ejector strikes the rear of the case, pivoting it out and away from the pistol through the ejection port. The slide stops and is then propelled forward by a spring to strip a fresh cartridge from the magazine and feed it into the firing chamber. At the forward end of its travel, the slide locks into the barrel and is ready to fire again. However, if the fired round was the last round in the magazine, the slide will lock in the rearward position, which notifies the shooter to reload by ejecting the empty magazine and inserting a loaded magazine, and facilitates (by being rearwards) reloading the chamber, which is accomplished by either pulling the slide back slightly and releasing, or by pushing down on the slide stop, which releases the slide to move forward under spring pressure, strip a fresh cartridge from the magazine and feed it into the firing chamber. There are no fasteners of any type in the 1911 design, excepting the grip screws. The main components of 1911 are held in place by the force of the recoil spring. The pistol can be 'field stripped' by partially retracting the slide, removing the slide stop, and subsequently removing the barrel bushing.

Full disassembly (and subsequent reassembly) of the pistol to its component parts can be accomplished using several manually removed components as tools to complete the disassembly. The military mandated a and a. A grip safety, disconnect, slide stop, half cock position, and manual safety (located on the left rear of the frame) are on all standard M1911A1s. Several companies have developed a. Colt's 80 series uses a trigger operated one and several other manufacturers, including Kimber and Smith & Wesson, use a Swartz firing-pin safety, which is operated by the grip safety. Language cautioning against pulling the trigger with the second finger was included in the initial M1911 manual, and later manuals up to the 1940s. The same basic design has been offered commercially and has been used by other militaries.

In addition to the.45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol), models chambered for,,,,, and other cartridges were offered. The M1911 was developed from earlier designs firing rounds such as. The design beat out many other contenders during the government's selection period, during the late 1890s and early 1900s, up to the pistol's adoption. The M1911 officially replaced a range of revolvers and pistols across branches of the U.S. Armed forces, though a number of other designs have seen use in certain niches. Despite being challenged by newer and lighter weight pistol designs in.45 caliber, such as the, the, the and the, the M1911 shows no signs of decreasing popularity and continues to be widely present in various competitive matches such as those of USPSA,,, and. Users [ ] Current [ ] • •: •: The uses a version of the M1911 developed by chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum and designated M973.

• •: In both World Wars, Canadian officers had the option of privately purchasing their own sidearm and the M1911/M1911A1 was a popular choice. The joint Canadian-US (aka 'The Devil's Brigade') also used American infantry weapons, including the M1911A1. •: Norinco exports a clone of the M1911A1 for civilian purchase. The Chinese arms company also manufactured conversion kits to chamber the round after the Korean War. • • • • • used by Unit 777 • • • Used captured guns [ ] • • • • • • • •: •: In service with 1st Artillery Battalion 1963–1967. •: In service with special forces of the • • •: Used by North Korean Special forces and Presidential Guard.

• • •: used pistols during World War II. • •: Made under license by and used by as officers' sidearms. • •: Used by to the Russian imperial family in July 1918. Thousands of pistols were received as during.

• (Taiwan) •: Made under license. Known as the 'Type 86' pistol. • • •: Former standard-issue service pistol of the U.S. Armed forces.

The pistol remains in service with various law enforcement agencies across the U.S, such as the, along with some soldiers. Marine Corps ordered 12,000 M1911 pistols for its in July 2012. • Former [ ] •: Used captured pistols during World War II. •: After and were provided the M1911A1 from US and were used until 1980s. • • • Viet Cong: Crude clones used by VC guerrillas with some captured in the Vietnam War.

Specifications [ ]. Colt M1911 • Cartridge: • Other commercial and military derivatives: Other versions offered include,,,,,,,,,,, and others. The most popular alternative versions are 9×19mm Parabellum,.38 Super and 10mm Auto. • Barrel: 5 in (127 mm) Government, 4.25 in (108 mm) Commander, and the 3.5 in (89 mm) Officer's ACP. Some modern 'carry' guns have significantly shorter barrels and frames, while others use standard frames and extended slides with 6 in (152 mm) barrels • Rate of twist: 16 in (406 mm) per turn, or 1:35.5 calibers (.45 ACP) • Operation:, closed breech, single action, • Weight (unloaded): 2 lb 7 oz (1.1 kg) (government model) • Height: 5.25 in (133 mm) • Length: 8.25 in (210 mm) • Capacity: 7+1 rounds (7 in standard-capacity magazine +1 in firing chamber); 8+1 in aftermarket standard-size magazine; 10+1 in extended and high capacity magazines. Guns chambered in.38 Super and 9 mm have a 9+1 capacity. Some manufacturers, such as,, and, offer 1911-style pistols using double-stacked magazines with significantly larger capacities (typically 14 rounds).

Colt makes their own 8 round magazines which they include with their Series 80 XSE models. • Safeties: A grip safety, disconnect, slide stop, a half cock position, and manual safety (located on the left rear of the frame) are on all standard M1911A1s. Several companies have developed a firing pin block.

Colt's 80 series uses a trigger operated one and several other manufacturers (such as Smith & Wesson) use one operated by the grip safety. State firearm [ ] On March 18, 2011, the U.S. State of —as a way of honoring M1911 designer, who was born and raised in the state—adopted the Browning M1911 as the ' of Utah'. Similar pistols [ ] • • • • • See also [ ] • (SNL B-6) • • References [ ]. • ^ Pistol, Caliber.45, Automatic, M1911 Technical Manual TM 9-1005-2 edition.

Pentagon Publishing. • ^ Garrett, Rob. 'Army Marksmanship Unit: The Pipeline for Spec Ops Weapons'. Tactical Weapons Magazine. Harris Publications, Inc. • FM 23-35, 1940 • ^ Vasquez, Maegan (28 July 2012)..

Retrieved 20 August 2012. • durysguns.com (2006-01-14).. Retrieved 2006-01-14.

The Gun Digest Book of Combat Handgunnery. Gun Digest Books. • ^ Taylor, Chuck (1981). Complete Book Of Combat Handgunning. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. •; John Walter (2004).

Pistols of the World (4 ed.). David & Charles. • Hogg (2004) p. 98 • Linn, Brian McAllister. The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (Modern War Studies (Paperback)). University Press of Kansas.. • ^ Poyer, Joseph; Craig Riesch; Karl Karash (2008).

The Model 1911 and Model 1911A1 Military and Commercial Pistols. North Cape Publications. • Hallock, Kenneth R.

(1980), Hallock's.45 Auto Handbook. • Ness, Mark June 1983 p. 58 • Hogg (2004) p. 83 • Canfield, Bruce N. June 2005, p. 26 • axishistory.com (2008-03-28)..

Retrieved 2008-07-31. • Bishop, Chris (1998). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II.

New York: Orbis Publishing Ltd.. • Dunlap, Roy, Ordnance Went Up Front, Samworth Press (1948), p. 160 • Thompson, Leroy, The Colt 1911 Pistol, Osprey Press,, 9338 (2011), p. Retrieved 2012-05-13.

• ^ Campbell, Robert K. The Shooter's Guide to the 1911: A Guide to the Greatest Pistol of All Time. Gun Digest Books. The New York Times.

January 15, 1985. • Biddle, Wayne (January 20, 1985)..

The New York Times. The New York Times. April 11, 1985.

• Malloy, John (2011). 'The Colt 1911: The First Century'. In Dan Shiedler. Gun Digest 2011. 1911: The First 100 Years.

Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. • Us FBI Academy Handbook.

International Business Publications. Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Trade. Pp. 64, 79–80.. • Hopkins, Cameron (March 1, 2002)..

American Handgunner (March–April, 2002). Archived from on October 17, 2015. • ^ Johnston, Gary Paul.(2004)'One Good Pistol', Soldier of Fortune Magazine, December 2004, 62–67 • ^ Rogers, Patrick A.(2003)'Marines New SOCOM Pistol', SWAT Magazine, December 2003, 52–57 •.

Retrieved 2009-08-13. • ^ Small Arms Illustrated, 2010. • Scarlata, Paul (February 20, 2011). 'Small Arms of the Deutscher Volkssturm'. Shotgun News. Axis History Factbook. Retrieved 2011-05-27.

Greek Military. Retrieved 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2008-09-08. • • Thompson, Leroy; Rene Smeets (October 1, 1993). Great Combat Handguns: A Guide to Using, Collecting and Training With Handguns. London: Arms & Armour Publication.

American Handgunner (September–October 2003 ed.). • Rauch, Walt (2002). Practically Speaking: An Illustrated Guide; the Game, Guns and Gear of the International Defensive Pistol Association. Rauch & Company, Ltd.

Patent 2,169,084 (1939) • Davis and Raynor(1976), Safe Pistols Made Even Safer, American Rifleman, Jan. 16, at (published in 1912) • Wiley Clapp.. American Rifleman. Retrieved 2013-08-25. Weeks (2000). Military Small Arms of the 20th Century.

Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publication. Retrieved 2011-01-22. Archived from on 2010-04-05. Retrieved 2009-11-05. Archived from on January 24, 2006. Retrieved 2009-11-05.

• ^ Hogg, Ian (1989). Jane's Infantry Weapons 1989–90, 15th Edition..

Retrieved November 30, 2012. Citing Gander, Terry J.;, eds. Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1995–1996 (21st ed.). Jane's Information Group...

• • • Thompson, Leroy (2011). The Colt 1911 Pistol. Osprey Publishings. • ^ Jones, Richard (2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009–2010. Jane's Information Group. Pp. 896, 897, 899..

Lietuvos kariuomenė [Lithuanian Armed Forces official Web site] (in Lithuanian). LR Krašto apsaugos ministerija [Ministry of National Defence Republic of Lithuania]. Retrieved November 30, 2012. • • IBP USA (2007). Malaysia Army Weapon Systems Handbook. Int'l Business Publication. • • Alpers, Philip (2010).

Karp, Aaron, ed. The Politics of Destroying Surplus Small Arms: Inconspicuous Disarmament. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge Books. • • ^ Diez, Octavio (2000).

Armament and Technology: Handguns. Lema Publications, S.L.. • Rappaport, The Last Days of the Romanovs: Tragedy at Ekaterinburg (2009), p. 323, at • Sanborn, James K.. Marine Corps Times, 19 July 2012. • エリートフォーセス 陸上自衛隊編[Part2]. • • John Connor..

American Handgunner (January–February 2007 ed.). • Martinez, Michael (2011-03-19)... Further reading [ ] • Meadows, Edward S. Military Automatic Pistols: 1894–1920. Richard Ellis Publications, 1993.

• The Bluejackets' Manual, 12th edition. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1944. External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • • • •, and • • • •.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] Bound by the patent ( ) and not wanting to pay a royalty fee to, Colt could not begin development of bored-through revolver cylinders for metallic cartridge use until April 4, 1869. For the design, Colt turned to two of its best engineers: and who had developed a number of revolvers and black powder conversions for the company.

Their effort was designed for the United States government service revolver trials of 1872 by Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company and adopted as the standard military service revolver. Production began in 1873 with the Single Action Army model 1873, also referred to as the 'New Model Army Metallic Cartridge Revolving Pistol'. The very first production Single Action Army, serial number 1, thought lost for many years after its production, was found in a barn in, New Hampshire in the early 1900s.

It was chambered in, a centerfire design containing charges of up to 40 grains (2.6 g) of fine-grained black powder and a 255-grain (16.5 g) blunt roundnosed bullet. Relative to period cartridges and most later handgun rounds, it was quite powerful in its full loading. The Colt Single Action Army revolver, along with the 1870 and 1875, replaced the revolver. The Colt quickly gained favor over the S&W and remained the primary US military sidearm until 1892 when it was replaced by the caliber, a revolver with swing-out cylinder. By the end of 1874, serial no. 16,000 was reached; 12,500 Colt Single Action Army revolvers chambered for the.45 Colt cartridge had entered service and the remaining revolvers were sold in the civilian market. The Colt.45 is a famous piece of American history, known as 'The Gun That Won the West'.

First generation (1873–1941) [ ]. Colt Single Action The Single Action Army became available in standard barrel lengths of 4¾ inch, 5½ inch, as well as the Cavalry standard, original 7½ inch.

The shorter barrelled revolvers are sometimes called the 'Civilian' or 'Gunfighter' model (4¾ inch) and the Artillery Model (5½ inch). There was also a variant with a sub-4-inch barrel, without an ejector rod, unofficially called the 'Sheriff's Model', 'Banker's Special', or 'Storekeeper'.

From 1875 until 1880 Colt marketed a single-action revolver in.44 rimfire Henry caliber in a separate number range from no. A 'Flattop Target Model' was listed in Colt's catalogs from 1890 to 1898.

Colt manufactured 914 of these revolvers with a frame that was flat on top and fitted with an adjustable leaf rear sight. The front sight consisted of a base with an interchangeable blade. In 1896, at serial number 164,100, a spring-loaded base pin latch replaced the cylinder pin retaining screw and by 1900, at serial number 192,000, the Colt Single Action was certified for use with smokeless powder. In 1920, larger, highly visible sights replaced the original thin blade and notch. The revolvers remained essentially unchanged from that point until cessation of manufacture at the beginning of World War II. From 1873 through 1940 (with small numbers assembled during and after World War II, the so-called 'Pre-War, Post-War' model), production of the Colt Single Action Army reached 357,859.

This is identified as the 'Pre War' or 'First Generation' of the model. Calibers, at least thirty in all, ranged from.22 rimfire through.476 Eley, with approximately half, or 158,884 (including Bisley and Flat Top Target variations), chambered for.45 Colt. The next most prevalent were the.44-40 Winchester Center fire (WCF) at 71,392; 38-40 (38 WCF) at 50,520; 32-20 Winchester (32 WCF) at 43,284 and, the 41 Colt at 19,676. Military use [ ]. Colt Single Action Army, serial No 5773 7th Cavalry issued All original, good condition, U.S. Cavalry and Artillery Single Action Armies (those produced between 1873 and 1891) are among the most valuable to collectors.

Especially valuable, often going for well over $10,000, are the OWA (Orville Wood Ainsworth) and the rare Henry Nettleton inspected Single Action Army Colts. The OWA Colt refers to the earliest issued Single Action Army guns, which were inspected by Orville W. Ainsworth was the ordnance sub-inspector at the Colt factory for the first 13 months (Oct. 1874) of the Single Action Army's production. It was Ainsworth who inspected the Colts used by 's at the. The number range of possible Little Bighorn Colts is 4500–7527. Henry Nettleton was the U.S.

Principal Sub-inspector in 1878 at the. Second only to the OWA Colts, Nettleton Colts are prized by serious collectors. Both the Nettleton and OWA Colts have the cartouche (OWA or HN) on the left side of the wood grip. By the mid-1870s, the Army had purchased a significant number of Schofield revolvers chambering a shorter.45 round.

Logistical problems arose because the ammunition was not interchangeable. The Colt revolvers would accept the shorter round, but not vice versa. For a time, the Government stopped orders for the longer Colt cartridge and used the Smith & Wesson round exclusively.

The Schofield was soon retired and sold to the civil market. The largest group of U.S. Colt Cavalry revolvers was inspected by David F. Clark, his D.F.C. Cartouche being encountered on revolvers inspected from 1880 to 1887. During 1893, the.45 U.S. Colt Single Action Army revolver was retired by the Cavalry and replaced by the.38 caliber Double Action Army revolver.

The.45 Single Action Army revolver was still standard issue to the Infantry, Artillery and other branches of the U.S. In 1895–1896, the U.S. Federal government returned 2000 SAA revolvers to Colt's to be refurbished; 800 were issued to the with the 7½-inch barrel and 1,200 were altered to a barrel length of 5½ inches. In 1898, 14 900 of the SAA revolvers were altered the same way. The original records of the War Department do refer to these revolvers with the shortened barrel as the 'Altered Revolver'.

The name 'Artillery' is actually a misnomer, which Sapp speculates may have originated because the Light Artillery happened to have the first units armed with the altered revolver. Colt Model 1873, U.S. Artillery Model The Artillery Single Actions were issued to the Infantry, the Light Artillery, the Volunteer Cavalry and other troops because the standard issue.38 caliber Colt M 1892 double-action revolver was lacking in stopping power. For that reason, the.45 Artillery SAA Revolvers were used successfully by front troops in the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. Theodore Roosevelt's charged up wielding the.45 caliber Artillery Model. The Artillery Model usually had mixed numbers. It can be identified by the U.S.

On the frame, the inspector's stamps on different parts (such as a tiny A for Orville W. Ainsworth, DFC, HN, RAC for later inspectors and K for replacement parts) and the cartouche of Rinaldo A. Carr (RAC), the inspector who inspected the refurbished guns, on the grip. The Colt Frontier Six-Shooter [ ].

Colt 'Frontier Six Shooter', shipped 1884, etched panel The Colt Frontier or Frontier Six-Shooter was a Colt's 1873 'Model P' type, manufactured in.44-40 Winchester caliber instead of.45 Colt (in which configuration it was called the Single Action Army), so as to be compatible with Winchester ammunition. Production began in 1877.

Colt Frontier Six-Shooter was the actual name of the Colt pistol model, and this was acid-etched on the left side of the barrel. After 1889, the legend was roll-stamped until 1919, when the caliber designation '.44-40' was added. Later Colt 1878 Double Action Army Models also wore this designation on the barrel when chambered in 44 WCF/44-40 Winchester. The Bisley 1895 Model was the final Colt to wear the Frontier Six Shooter designation. Users of the.44-40 Winchester cartridge in the Far West appreciated the convenience of being able to carry a single caliber of ammunition, which they could fire in both revolver and rifle. The Colt Frontier Six Shooter Revolver and the or the in.44-40 WCF caliber were one of the most common combinations seen in 'the Old West'.

For example, the two mounted 'Cowboys' at the were armed with this rifle and pistol combination. Single Action Colts in calibers 38-40 (38WCF) and 32-20 (32WCF) also qualify as 'Frontier Calibers' because 1873 and 1892 Winchesters were made in these calibers, offering the same convenience as the 44-40 (44WCF) caliber, namely using the same cartridge in both revolver and rifle. The Bisley Model [ ].

Colt Bisley Model.38-40 WCF, shipped 1904 to in The Colt Bisley was introduced in 1894 as a target pistol. The name Bisley came from the famous firing range in, England. The Colt Bisley can be distinguished by the longer grip, the wider hammer spur, and the wider trigger. The distinguishing feature of the Bisley Target Model is the topstrap, which is flat and fitted with a sliding rear sight, adjustable for windage only. The front sight is a removable blade, which fits into the slotted base attached to the barrel. The revolvers were supplied with different blades for elevation.

The Bisley mainspring is longer than the SAA mainspring, and the two are not interchangeable; it is attached to the hammer with a stirrup via a forked upper end. The serial numbers are stamped on the frame, the backstrap and the trigger-guard at the end of production, with tiny dies. Bisleys were serial-numbered in the range of 116, in the same sequence as the Single Action Army. All Bisleys after No. 161,376 had 'BISLEY MODEL' with the caliber stamped on the left side of the barrel, which is rare for older Colt revolvers. The most common calibers were.32-20,.38-40,.45 Colt,.44-40,.41 Colt, and the British calibers.450 Eley and.455 Eley. A total number of 44,350 were manufactured.

Production of the Bisley was terminated in 1912, but serial No. 331916 was shipped after the First World War. Most Bisley Standard Model Revolvers shipped to a United States address were not used for target shooting, but for self-defense, because the grip and hammer were ideal for fast shooting. Buntline Special [ ]. Second Generation Colt engraved in 19th Century pattern At the beginning of, Colt ceased production of the Single Action Army revolver to devote more time to filling orders for the war.

When the war ended, no plans were made to revive the Single Action Army revolver as the design was seen as obsolete. However the advent of television and Western themed movies created customer demand for the revolver, so Colt resumed manufacture in 1956 with the Second Generation line of Single Action Army revolvers.

These Second Generation Colt Single Action Army revolvers were produced from 1956 to 1974 and carried serial numbers in the range of 0001SA to 73,205SA. Due to the popularity of the television show,, Colt introduced the aforementioned Buntline Special as a Second generation offering from 1957 to 1974. From 1961 to 1975, Colt offered an adjustable-sight model known as 'The New Frontier', capitalizing on President 's campaign slogan. Colt manufactured 4200 of these revolvers, including 70 built on the Buntline frame. Third generation (1976 to present) [ ] The Third Generation began in 1976, characterized by a change in barrel thread pitch and a solid cylinder bushing replacing the removable/replaceable part from the first and second generations. This series ran until 1982 as a limited-issue product with the serial number range of SA80,000 to SA99,999. In 1994, production of the SAA resumed with the increase in popularity of ' matches.

These models are known either as 'Late Third Generation' or sometimes Fourth Generation. They have the original style removable/replaceable cylinder bushing.

The serial number for this series started at S02001A and continued to use the 'S' prefix and 'A' suffix to 2009. Colt currently offers the Single Action Army in one of two finishes: either an all-nickel, or blued with color case-hardened frame; in the traditional three barrel lengths: 4¾', 5½' and 7½'; and six chamberings:.32-20,.38-40,.44-40,.38 Special,.357 Magnum or.45 Colt; a total of 36 variations. Colt manufactured Third Generation Buntlines and New Frontiers through the Colt Custom Shop, as well as many engraved pistols.

In 2010, Colt released a 'revival' of the Frontier Six Shooter with a nickel finish. The Colt Cowboy [ ] Starting in 1999, Colt began manufacturing a version of the Single Action Army revolver with a modern transfer bar safety, allowing it to be carried with the hammer resting on a loaded chamber. The Colt Cowboy, as it was named, was designed to be more affordable than the Single Action Army.

It was offered with barrel lengths of 4.75 inches, 5.5 inches, and 7.5 inches. The 7.5 inch variant was discontinued in 1999, as was the 4.75 inch variant, which was reintroduced in 2002. Manufacturing of the Colt Cowboy was discontinued in 2003. Engraving [ ]. First generation Colt SAA with carved ivory stocks Colt engraved less than one percent of its first generation production of the Single Action Army revolver, which makes these engraved models extremely rare and valuable with collectors. Engraved pieces were often ordered by or for famous people of the day, including lawmen, heads of state, and captains of industry.

This tradition began with the founder,, who regularly gave such examples away as a means of publicity for Colt. Colt employed a number of engravers, many of whom were trained artisans who emigrated from Europe. These artisans, such as Gustave Young, Cuno A.

Helfricht, Rudolph J. Kornbrath and, were known for inlaying gold, silver, and precious stones in their work. Many of these engraved pieces were adorned with stocks made of ivory or pearl, with engraving and inlays as well.

About 400 of the Second Generation Colt Single Actions were factory-engraved by Colt. The factory engravers of the period were Alvin Herbert, Earl Bieu, Dennis Kies, Robert Burt, Steve Kamyk and Leonard Francolini. One of the most sought-after engravers who have worked on Colt revolvers was Alvin White and the shop of A. White Engravers. Operation [ ]. First Generation Single Action Army from 1918, 32 WCF (32-20) The Single Action Army action is a refinement of the earlier Colt percussion revolvers and the Colt 1871 cartridge revolver. The cylinder is mounted on a central axis and operated by a hand with a double finger whose more extended action allowed the cylinder-ratchet to be cut in a larger circle, giving more torsional force to the cylinder.

Three notches on the face of the hammer engage the sear portion of the trigger, affording four basic hammer positions. The hammer when fully lowered rests within the frame. Drawn slightly to the rear, the hammer engages the safety notch of the sear and holds the firing pin out of direct contact with a chambered cartridge. Like the earlier percussion revolvers, the Single Action Army was designed to allow loading of all of the chambers. The safety notch replaced pins on the rear of the percussion revolver cylinders, which served the same purpose as the safety position, by preventing hammer contact with the primer/percussion cap.

However, many users adopted the practice of leaving one empty chamber under the hammer, because a sharp blow could damage the mechanism and allow a fully loaded revolver to fire. This practice is now universally recommended. Drawn back about half way, the hammer engages the second notch. This cams the cylinder bolt out of engagement and allows the cylinder to rotate for loading.

Fully cocked, the revolver is ready to fire. Cartridge ejection is via the spring-loaded rod housed in a tube on the right side of the barrel. The loading sequence is as follows: • Place the revolver on and open the loading gate to the side. • Load each chamber in sequence (original), setting the hammer in the safety notch when finished; or (safe and prudent method) load one chamber, skip the next, load the remaining four chambers, close the loading gate, draw the hammer to full cock and lower fully, making sure that the firing pin is over the empty chamber. • Firing the revolver is accomplished by drawing the hammer to full cock and pulling the trigger.

The hammer must be manually cocked for each shot. It is possible to fire the SAA rapidly by holding down the trigger and 'fanning' the hammer with the other hand. Dispelled the myth of the inaccuracy of this procedure by shooting tight groups while fanning the revolver.

Calibers [ ] By 1878 the Colt SAA was being offered from the factory in additional calibers for civilian and foreign military sales. Many were sold in Center Fire (WCF), introduced in 1878 to allow cross-compatibility with the Winchester '73 lever-action rifle; this model was called the ', which was etched and later roll-stamped on the left side of the barrel.

Additional period calibers for the SAA included (38 WCF) introduced in 1884, the (32 WCF) introduced in 1884, the introduced in 1885, the.38 Long Colt in 1887, the and the in the 20th Century. Some of the separately-serialized rimfire revolvers were rechambered to.22 rimfire after 1885. The SAA at one time or another was offered in dozens of calibers from.22 rimfire to, though the.45 Colt has always been the most common.

A scaled-down.22 rimfire version called the Scout or Frontier Scout was available in the late 20th Century. 45 Colt cartridge variations [ ].

Patton with his ivory-handled Peacemaker The power, accuracy and handling qualities of the Single Action Army (SAA) made it a popular sidearm from its inception, well into the 20th century. The association with the history of the American West remains to the present century, and these revolvers remain popular with shooters and collectors., who began his career in the horse-cavalry, carried a custom-made SAA with ivory grips engraved with his initials and an eagle, which became his trademark. He used it during the to kill two of 's lieutenants, and carried it until his death in 1945 shortly after the end of. In the early and mid-20th century, original Peacemakers lacking historical provenance and not in pristine condition were not particularly valuable. They served as raw material for early enthusiasts such as, Harold Croft and R.

Sedgley who modified the revolvers to enhance performance and experimented with more effective ammunition. At the beginning of the 21st Century, first and second generation SAA's are highly regarded as collectors' items and often considered too valuable to shoot. After World War II, new interest in the SAA started and firearms enthusiast William R. Wilson recognized the need and the opportunity. In 1953 Wilson founded the to produce an almost-exact clone of the old Colt SAA for television and movie westerns. The Great Western revolvers were manufactured in Los Angeles. Later Colt editions are more common, and various copies and near-copies of the revolver are made by of Italy.

Uberti is now owned by, producer of the. American manufacturers include Colt Manufacturing Company, which still retains the model in its catalog. Builds several variations that are true to the original first and second generation specifications. Has introduced a very precisely made Single Action Army with a modified hand/spring assembly designed to last longer than the originals. The Single Action Army is the precursor and inspiration for modern sporting revolvers from,,,, and others. In 2010, Arizona State Rifle and Pistol Association President Noble C. Hathaway and Cast Bullet Director Dan Walliser surveyed state residents to determine what 'Old West' firearm should be named the official State Firearm.

The Colt Patent Firearms Single Action Army won by a 38% margin. Soon afterward, Hathaway submitted a bill to the Arizona legislature, and on the last day of the 2010–2011 regular legislative session, Arizona Senate Bill 1610 was passed. Within days, Governor Jan Brewer signed the bill into law. Arizona is the second state to have an official firearm, following 's adoption of the. Operators [ ] • • • • • • • • • • • • • See also [ ] •, the direct ancestor of the Colt Single Action Army • References [ ].

• Sapp, Rick (2007). Standard Catalog of Colt Firearms.

Iola, WI: Gun Digest Books. • Venturino, Mike (January 2014)... • ^ Hartink, A.E. The Complete Encyclopedia of Pistols and Revolvers.

Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc. Retrieved November 19, 2014.

• ^ Taylor, Chuck (1981). Complete Book Of Combat Handgunning. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. • ^, pp. 148–151. Brett (2008).. Texas A&M University Press. • Lytton, Timothy (2005)..

University of Michigan Press. • ^ Adler (2008) pp. 218–219 • Cochran, Keith.

Colt Peacemaker Encyclopedia. • Sapp (2007) pp. 28–29 • Tarr, James (2013)..

Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. • Shideler, Dan (2011).. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. 94–97 • ^ Taffin (2005) pp. 40–41 • ^ Flayderman (2001) p. 101 • Wilson (1979) p. 100 • Shillingberg, William B.

(Summer 1976).. Kansas Historical Quarterly. 42 (2): 113–154. Archived from on 2012-02-01. • Sapp (2007) p. 81 • ^ Sapp (2007) p.

82 • ^ Sapp (2007) pp. 83–84 • Taffin, John (1999)..

American Handgunner. • ^ Wilson (1995) p. 200 • Adler, Dennis (28 March 2011)..

MBI Publishing Company. • Outlet; Publishing, Rh Value (1988).. Random House Value Publishing.

Sixguns by Keith, New York, Bonanza Books. • McGivern (2007) pp. 101–103 • Taffin, John (12 August 2016). 'Colt's Finest Single Action'. In Jerry Lee. 'F+W Media, Inc.'

• House, James E. (18 August 2005).. Iola: Gun Digest Books. • McChristian, Douglas C. University of Oklahoma Press. • Taffin (2002) pp. 40–44 • Venturino, Mike (2008).

'The Other Old West Sixguns'. Guns Magazine. • Smith (1968) p. 57 • Fadala, Sam (17 November 2006).. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books.

• Kopec, A Study of the Colt Single Action Army (2006) p. 170 • ^ Wilson (1992) p. 192 • Bowen, Hamilton (2001) The Custom Revolver, Louisville, Tenn.

• • Cite error: The named reference Arbold2017 was invoked but never defined (see the ). • ^ Cite error: The named reference Arnold2017 was invoked but never defined (see the ). • Cite error: The named reference bishop2017 was invoked but never defined (see the ).

• Cite error: The named reference jones2011 was invoked but never defined (see the ). • Cite error: The named reference jones2017 was invoked but never defined (see the ). Bibliography [ ] • Adler, Dennis (2008). Colt Single Action: From Patersons to Peacemakers. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books..

• Flayderman, Norm (2001). Flayderman's Guide to Antique American Firearms. And Their Values. Iola, WI: Krause Publications.. Ed McGivern's Book of Fast and Fancy Revolver Shooting. Skyhorse Publishing Inc.. Canon P100 Dhii Manual Arts.

• Sapp, Rick (2007). Standard Catalog of Colt Firearms. F+W Media, Inc..

• Smith, WHB (1968). Book of Pistols and Revolvers. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. Big Bore Handguns. Iola, WI: Krause Publications.. Single Action Sixguns.

Krause Publications.. • Wilson, R.L. Colt Heritage: The Official History of Colt Firearms from 1836 to the Present. New York City: Jane's Information Group..

• Wilson, R.L. Colt: An American Legend. New York City: Abbeville Press.. • Wilson, R.L. Peacemakers: Arms and Adventure in the American West. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Publications..

• Wilson, R.L. Steel Canvas: The Art of American Arms. Chartwell Books..

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